Germany became two separate countries. I think one moved to the Poland boarder
I would say A.. ending child labor.
Lewis Hine was an activist for the National Child Labor Committee. Mother Jones was a school teacher as well as a female activist. Even though she was most famous for being the founder of the Industrial Workers of the World, I think she would be united with Lewis Hine with ending child labor.
Most likely irony. Paradise is usually instilled in peoples' minds as somewhere refreshing and heavenly, and the next couple of words say "ahead of them is an empty oil-covered beach" which clearly objects with the paradise statement.
Because they though weomen were their care takers and not important in their lives at all they only thought of themselves and not of feminisim just of being of male orgin and not knowing what encouragement is