I can't really answer question 3 or 5 due to not seeing the passage or the picture to said passage, but I can answer question 4 for you. I would say the answer to 4 would be a.
Let us take Napoleon Bonaparte for example. His crusade, in part, failed due to the harsh Russian weather that caught his army as he wanted to conquer Russia. So, I would assume Napoleon would have loved one of myriad weather apps that can be found both on Android and Apple phones so wouldn't be caught off guard again.
