<h2>Literacy</h2>
Literacy means the ability to read and write. Being able to read and write is an important skill in modern societies. Usually, people learn how to read and write at school. People who can read and write are called literate; those who cannot are called illiterate.
The Battle of Saratoga did not allow the British to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies.
British general John Burgoyne had proposed the plan to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies. The plan had about 8,000 British troops invading into New York from Canada and taking control of the Hudson River. The plan was initially successful -- the British took Fort Ticonderoga in June of 1777. But General Burgoyne overextended his access to supplies as he came further into Patriot territory, and the colonial forces were able to cut off his supply line. After a couple of difficult battles, Burgoyne's eventual surrender of his troops came with the loss at Saratoga in October, 1777.
News was generally sent by word of mouth, only on occasion 'written' using glyphs on blocks of wood or folded bark paper sheets. ... Dress codes were important among the Mexica/Aztecs, and messengers proved no exception: couriers actually 'dressed the part' according to the news they carried.
Answer:
The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas (and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread throughout Europe. He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms). When Luther refused, he was excommunicated (in other words, expelled from the church). The Church's response to the threat from Luther and others during this period is called the Counter-Reformation ("counter" meaning against).
Pressured out of their homes in the Asian steppes by the Mongols, the Turkish nomadic tribes<span> converted to </span>Islam<span> during the eighth and ninth centuries. By the tenth century, one of the </span>Turkish tribes<span>, the </span>Seljuk<span>, had become a significant power in the </span>Islamic<span> world and had adopted a settled life that included </span>Islamic<span> orthodoxy, a central administration, and </span>taxation<span>. However, many other </span>Turkish groups<span> remained </span>nomadic<span> and, pursuing the </span>gazi<span> tradition, sought to conquer land for </span>Islam<span> and to acquire war booty for themselves. This led them into conflict with the </span>Seljuk<span> Turks, and to pacify the </span>nomadic<span> tribes, the </span>Seljuks<span> directed them to the eastern domain of the </span>Byzantine Empire<span>, </span>Anatolia<span>. The </span>tribe<span> known as the Ottomans arose from one of the smaller </span>emirates<span> established in northwestern </span>Anatolia<span> after 1071. The </span>dynasty<span> was named for </span>Osman<span> (1259-1326), who began to expand his kingdom into the </span>Byzantine Empire<span> in </span>Asia Minor<span>, moving his capital to </span>Bursa<span> in 1326.</span>
