When energy from the Sun strikes Earth, some of it will be returned to space by clouds, some will be absorbed by the atmosphere, and some by the Earth's surface. While part of that energy gets redistributed by convection, lots of it is released by condensation. Furthermore, most y of that energy will be reabsorbed by greenhouse gases.
Most of that energy will make it back to space, maintaining Earth’s energy balance. The energy that doesn’t, creates global warming.
The presence of an atmosphere, temperature, and distance from the Sun do not affect a planet's gravity. Are the objects in the solar system still or are they in motion? The Sun's gravity pulls the planets in orbit around it, and some planets pull moons in orbit around them.
