The goal was to see if Earth's ecosystems could be successfully manufactured and maintained elsewhere in the galaxy, should we need to bail on this planet.
It was named Biosphere 2 because it was meant to be the second fully self-sufficient biosphere, after the Earth itself
Lipids
Lipids are fatty acids
They are saying that every theory can eventually be changed a bit due to further research. It does not mean the theory is bad, just that it can become better.
They are attatched at an area called the centromere