A Confounding is the variable that is considered in a research study, and could overall influence the relations between the variables in the study. For example, students wanting to join AP English next semester were told to write a six page essay. When the students turned in their papers and teachers say the difference and grades they believed that the variable was the time that the students handed in the paper. They thought that if the student handed in their paper later than another student that they would receive a lower score, but this was not the case. When asking the students how they prepared for the paper, students replied with different answers. Those who outlined and used other literature for reference scored much higher than those who only used prior knowledge to write their essays. In this study, the lurking variable would be the presence of an outline.

Lurking variable: A variable that is not considered in a research study that could influence the relations between the variables in the study

Confounding variable: A variable that is considered in a research study that could influence the relations between the variables in the study

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