The cellular process shown in the image as x, y and z are mentioned below:
X is Replication. It is the process by which double- DNA Replication is the process by which double stranded DNA makes its own copies. Each strand on its separation, synthesizes a complementary stand.
Y is Transcription. It is the process by which copying of the information from a strand of DNA into a new molecule of mRNA, with the help of an enzyme RNA polymerase.
Z is Translation. It is the process in which genetic code on mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
To know where it rightfully belongs to. Variation of certain traits is caused by multiple factors of an individual of the same kind. Depending on their physical appearance, their environment and nature of survival.
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The genetic change causes alterations in only one or a few nucleotide bases in known as mutation.
A mutation is a change in a brief section of a genome's nucleotide sequence. Another frequently replaces one nucleotide in point mutations; other changes involve the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides.
Errors in DNA replication or the harmful effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and alter the architecture of individual nucleotides, are the leading causes of mutations.
DNA repair enzymes are present in all cells and work to reduce the frequency of mutations. These enzymes reduce genetic information loss, double-strand break formation, and DNA crosslinking by repairing DNA damage.
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A solution to be isotonic refers to b) The concentration of solute in the environment and the concentration inside the cell are at equilibrium.
- Isotonic solution is the solution that have equal concentration of solute on both sides of the solution separated by a membrane.
- If a cell is kept in an isotonic solution that means the concentration of the solute inside the cell is the same as that of the outside then the movement of solvent does not occur between the cell and the external environment.
- The osmotic pressure inside the cell and outside the cell across the semipermeable membrane of the cell becomes the same due to equal concentration of the solute on each side.
0.9% normal saline is an example of isotonic solution.
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