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ziro4ka [17]
3 years ago
13

As a social movement gains more members and other resources, it has to find a way of managing them. This is known as what stage

of a social movement?
Emergence
Coalescence
Bureaucratization
Decline
Health
2 answers:
ioda3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

your answer is B. Coalescence

Explanation:

Because Coalescence means the joining or merging of elements to form one mass or whole.

Allushta [10]3 years ago
6 0
I believe the answer should be B for this
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What might be a reason for females to have a lower heart rate during exercise than males?
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By Steven Reinberg
HealthDay Reporter,
March 27, 2014

"The formula doctors use to evaluate treadmill stress tests, and thereby assess heart health, doesn't account for important differences between men and women, a new study contends.

A revised formula would better determine peak exercise rate, or the maximum number of heart beats per minute, for each sex, the researchers said.

"Exercise physiology has been known to differ for men and women of different ages," said Dr. Gregg Fonarow, associate chief of cardiology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and spokesman for the American Heart Association.

The proposal for a sex-specific maximal heart rate warrants further research, he said. "This may represent a valuable improvement for guiding exercise stress testing," added Fonarow, who was not involved in the study.

Doctors now use the formula "220 minus age" to determine how hard patients should work out during exercise stress tests. Many people also use this formula to set their target heart rate during workouts.

For the new study, a team led by Dr. Thomas Allison, director of stress testing at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., reviewed 25,000 stress-test results. They saw significant differences between men and women.

Allison's group found that although peak heart rate declines with age for both sexes, the rate declines more gradually in women. This difference results in an overestimated peak heart rate in younger women and underestimated peak heart rate in older women, the researchers said.

The findings are scheduled for presentation Saturday at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology, in Washington, D.C.

Based on their findings, the study authors developed a new formula.

According to the revised formula, the maximum heart rate for women aged 40 to 89 should be 200 minus 67 percent of their age. For men, the preferred formula is 216 minus 93 percent of their age, the study authors said.

"We want to make sure that when people do the stress test, they have an accurate expectation of what a normal peak heart rate is," Allison said in an American College of Cardiology news release.

Because of limited test results for women under 40, the researchers were unable to recommend a new formula for this group.


Allison's team also found that younger men have a lower resting heart rate and higher peak heart rate than women. In addition, men's heart rates rise more dramatically during exercise and return to normal more quickly after stopping, the researchers said.

Heart experts welcomed the preliminary results.

"This is timely and we've needed it for a while," said Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum, director of women and heart disease at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

"All of these differences are very important, not only for diagnosis, but also for teaching people how best to exercise to get the most cardiovascular fitness," she said.

However, Steinbaum thinks it will take more research before a new formula that takes sex differences into account could become standard practice. Still, women might want to try the proposed formula on their own, she said. "It's worth considering implementing these new guidelines in their exercise routine," she said.

While the study did not look at the reasons for the gender differences, the researchers speculate that hormones, particularly the male hormone testosterone, are involved.

Also, when the current formula was developed, medical studies recruited few women, Allison said.

"It's logical that an equation developed 40 years ago based on a group that was predominantly men might not be accurate when applied to women today," he said.

Dr. Kevin Marzo, chief of cardiology at Winthrop-University Hospital in Mineola, N.Y., said the original formula stems from research in the early 1970s.

"Once again we learn that men and women are very different and our medical research and treatments need to be gender- specific," he said.

Research presented at meetings is typically considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal."

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Answer:

The paradigmatic shift in the past decade in our understanding of the role of health and nutrition in school-age children has fundamental implications for the design of effective programs. Improving the health and nutrition of schoolchildren through school-based programs is not a new concept. School health programs are ubiquitous in high-income countries and most middle-income countries. In low-income countries, these programs were a common feature of early, particularly colonial, education systems, where they could be characterized as heavily focused on clinical diagnosis and treatment and on elite schools in urban centers. This situation is changing as new policies and partnerships are being formulated to help ensure that programs focus on promoting health and improving the educational outcomes of children, as well as being socially progressive and specifically targeting the poor, girls, and other disadvantaged children. This evolution reflects five key changes in our understanding of the role of these programs in child development.

First, ensuring good health at school age requires a life cycle approach to intervention, starting in utero and continuing throughout child development. In programmatic terms this requirement implies a sequence of programs to promote maternal and reproductive health, management of childhood illness, and early childhood care and development. Promoting good health and nutrition before and during school age is essential to effective growth and development.

Second, operations research shows that the preexisting infrastructure of the educational system can often offer a more cost-effective route for delivery of simple health interventions and health promotion than can the health system. Low-income countries typically have more teachers than nurses and more schools than clinics, often by an order of magnitude.

Third, empirical evidence shows that good health and nutrition are prerequisites for effective learning. This finding is not simply the utopian aspiration for children to have healthy bodies and healthy minds, but also the demonstration of a systemic link between specific physical insults and specific cognitive and learning deficits, grounded in a new multisectoral approach to research involving public health and epidemiology, as well as cognitive and educational psychology.

Fourth, the provision of quality schools, textbooks, and teachers can result in effective education only if the child is present, ready, and able to learn. This perception has additional political momentum as countries and agencies seek to achieve Education for All (EFA) by 2015 and address the Millennium Development Goals of universal basic education and gender equality in education access. If every girl and boy is to be able to complete a basic education of good quality, then ensuring that the poorest children, who suffer the most malnutrition and ill health, are able to attend and stay in school and to learn while there is essential.

Finally, education, including education that promotes positive health behaviors, contributes to the prevention of HIV/AIDS—the greatest challenge for generations to come. School health and nutrition programs that help children complete their education and develop knowledge, practices, and behaviors that protect them from HIV infection as they mature have been described as a "social vaccine" against the disease.

Because of the success of child survival programs, the number of children reaching school age (defined as 5 to 14 years of age) is increasing and is estimated to be 1.2 billion children, with 88 percent living in less developed countries (U.S. Census Bureau 2002). As figure 58.1 illustrates, the pattern of disease is age specific. A large body of evidence shows that these conditions affect cognition, learning, and educational achievement (see Jukes, Drake, and Bundy forthcoming; Pollitt 1990 for reviews of this extensive literature).

Explanation:

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