Modern astronomy came mostly from the discovery that the earth was revolving around the sun and not the sun around the earth. The church claimed before that the earth is in the middle of the universe and that the sun goes around it, however, astronomers of the time managed to prove that the earth was in fact revolving around the sun.
This passage we can say is a direct response the critique of indulgences raised by the Protestant reform.
In other words this could be a direct answer to Martin Luther and his 95 thesis, in which the selling of the indulgences, that is the forgiveness of sins in exchange of money, was the main issue. The Church states that the Christ himself gave the right to them to sell the indulgences and that that is the time-honored tradition.
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The French were convinced to support the American war against the British after the Americans won the Battle of Trenton When word reached him that the British had surrendered at the Battle of Saratoga in December 1777, Vergennes finally decided to ally. Vergennes, who had heard rumors of Britain's secret peace offer to Franklin, decided not to wait for Spanish support and proposed an official French alliance with the United States.
In 1776, the Continental Congress sent diplomats Benjamin Franklin, Cyrus Dean, and Arthur Lee to establish a formal alliance with France.
The American war victory over Britain at Saratoga convinced France that the United States was committed to becoming a worthy partner for independence and a formal alliance.
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