Answer:
It was a protest against the sanctions placed on the caliph and the Ottoman Empire after the First World War by the Treaty of Sèvres. The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards Nationalism. By 1924 Turkey simply abolished the role of caliph.
Explanation:
The most striking similarity between these two explorers was their ruthless nature towards the natives they encountered on their various journeys. Both men wanted to extract as many resources as possible from the conquered peoples.
Answer: B) a rapidly developing market economy