Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the world's top cause of death for the greatest number of individuals, known for its chronic obstructive diseases, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
<h3>How genes impact on COPD?</h3>
- The precise causal process of COPD is still unknown, despite several attempts to discover biomarkers and pathways.
- In order to better understand the biological mechanism and network module underlying COPD, this study integrates information on biological interactions with information on gene expression.
- 49 genes were chosen using a sparse network-based technique from the peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression data of 136 participants, comprising 42 ex-smokers and 94 COPD patients.
- The findings indicate that these 49 genes may have an impact on COPD-related biological functions and molecular processes.
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Explanation:
Fat molecules consist of three fatty acid chains connected by a glycerol backbone. Fatty acids are basically long chains of carbon and hydrogen and are the major source of energy during normal activities.
Fatty acids are broken down by progressively cleaving two carbon bits and converting these to acetyl coenzyme A. The acetyl CoA is the oxidized by the same citric acid cycle involved in the metabolism of glucose. For every two carbons in a fatty acid, oxidation yields 5 ATPs generating the acetyl CoA and 12 more ATPs oxidizing the coenzyme. This makes fat a terrific molecule in which to store energy, as the body well knows (much to our dismay).
The only biological drawback to this, and other, forms of oxidative metabolism is its dependence on oxygen. Thus, if energy is required more rapidly than oxygen can be delivered, muscles switch to the less efficient anaerobic pathways. Interestingly, this implies that an anaerobic workout will not "burn" any fat, but will preferentially deplete the body of glucose. Of course, your body can't survive very long on just anaerobic metabolism...it just can't generate enough energy.
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They use tools to help take precise measurements, carry out experiments, and make observations.
<span>The cell theory is an explanation of what cells are and why they exist. The three main parts are: 1) All living things are made of cells and their products, 2) New cells are created by old cells dividing into two, and 3) Cells are the basic building units of life. In 1665, Robert Hooke observed, with the aid of a crude compound microsope, the structure of a thin slice of cork. The structure resembled stacks of hat boxes, or holding cells, so he called what he observed "cells". In 1674, Anton von Leeuenhoek observed, in a sample of pond water, small animal-like creatures swimming around. He probably was looking at Spyrogira, but he called these small organisms "animal-cules". Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden are responsible for formulating the first two parts of the cell theory, which was a scientific explanation of what these scientists had observed up to this point. A few years later, Rudolph Virchow added the third part of the cell theory, that all things are composed of these basic building blocks called cells.</span>
