2. The fact that mechanized agriculture has replaced manual labor.
Explanation:
The forces of repulsion act when the socioeconomic processes of a society drive the population away from the countryside. The main factors that cause this repulsive force are:
Land concentration: low availability of productive land for the poor. Large areas of fertile land are concentrated in the hands of few landowners;
Low wages: The income of rural workers, especially on third-party properties and large estates, tends to be very low;
Mechanization of the field:the great tecnological advances made in agriculture caused several jobs to become extinct.
