The motivation would be the crusades after them people came back to Europe with new ideals
"excavating Earth’s surface to reach veins of clean coal" would be the best option because this is done fairly close to the top of the Earth's surface. It's a controversial and dangerous practice.
Im pretty sure its answer B
That river rich in history is the Euphrates River. The Tigris River and Euphrates River gave the ancient name "Mesopotamia" ("Land between the Rivers") to a region that was an ancient cradle of civilization. The lengthy Euphrates River originates in eastern Turkey, flows through Syria and Iraq, and then joins the Tigris River in the "Shatt al-Arab" ("River of the Arabs") which flows out into the Persian Gulf.
The answer is federal law has more authority then the state.