The judgment of futility should be a conclusion of a communications process, not a beginning. "Futility" is defined as any therapy that is judged to be without benefit to the patient, beyond a fair degree of medical certainty.
Helping the patient is medicine's main objective. Offering therapies that do not help patients is not required of doctors. Futile therapies can prolong pain of the patients and increase families false hope. This worsen a patient's suffering and misery in the final days and weeks of life, and use up limited medical resources.
When deciding whether a treatment is futile or not, doctors should adhere to ethical principles and take into account both empirical research and their own clinical experience. When making the decision to withhold or stop fruitless therapies, they should also be sensitive to the needs of the patients and their families.
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Answer:a. peer-review process
Explanation:Peer review refers to a process in which one scholarly work or research is given to other people in the same field or people who are experts in that person's field , before that work can be officially released or published in a journal. In science a group of scientists , a review is done on the work by all other scientists and then it can be published as an article , which is further submitted into a journal publisher and then journal editors will send it to other scientists in the same field.