Abiotic: which are the non-living factors and chemicals in environments which can affect the ecosystem.
Answer:
Under these conditions an increase in the mutation rate evolves, which allows faster adaptation to the spatial variation in local temperature, causing a faster range expansion across the spatial gradient.
Answer:
Los materiales que se pueden imantar al estar cerca de un imán son los materiales Paramagnéticos, ya que en estos materiales los espines de los electrones se orientan en la misma dirección del campo magnético que le fue aplicado.
It refers to the cost or benefit of an activity by an economic agent for which it does not pay a price.
Fr ex: factory produces goods , it releases harmful smokes n polluts our enviroment.
In this case externality implies the negetive effect.
Hope it helped u!!