D all of the above, but they were just results of flawed strategy.
France after WW1 was so keen on not fighting again (due to great casulties, and the sheer horror of trench war), that it build great defences on it's frontier with Germany (Maginot line), and thought that she is safe behind them.
French army was defensively orientated, and was not prepared for bold manouvers of Blitzkrieg.
Gross income is the total income, from all sources, before taxes.
So it's not relevant what your tax rate is, if you earn 50 000 a year, then this is your gross income.
Answer:
Abstract
The political context of and approaches to program evaluation in the United States and in developing countries are compared. A framework for discussing the political context of evaluation in developing countries is proposed. This framework includes who funds, uses, controls, and conducts the evaluations; what kinds of evaluations are used by major stakeholders; and how and why evaluations are used. Some of the emerging issues are discussed.
Although the political nature of evaluation is accepted as a fact of life by American evaluators, there has been very little systematic discussion of these issues with respect to evaluation in developing countries. Probably the single most important difference between the context for program evaluation in the United States and that in developing countries is the major role that international donor agencies play in the selection, financing, design, and use of monitoring and evaluation systems in developing countries.
Another important issue is that in many developing countries monitoring and evaluation systems are often highly centralized, with priority given to the information needs of central finance and planning agencies. Consequently, evaluation in developing countries is used less as a project management tool than in the United States. Also in contrast to the United States, where the need for stakeholder analysis is widely acknowledged, project beneficiaries in developing countries frequently receive very limited attention from both donors and governments and have no voice in the design, implementation, or use of the evaluations.
Explanation:
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