Answer: C. Legalism
Explanation: According to this doctrine, human nature as such is prone to make mistakes and negligence in adhering to some general moral principles, so it requires strong regulatory coercion. This coercion should control human behaviour through various regulations, punishments, strong rulers, in a word, for people to obey legal laws, that is, to abide by legalism. The reason for such an understanding of human nature is that humans are guided by their own self-interest and as such will always do bad rather than good. This doctrine was promoted in ancient China by rulers of the Qin and Han dynasties to justify the rule of their authoritarian rulers.
A ghetto is a part of a city that is occupied by a minority group or groups. Before the Holocaust, Jewish people were forced to live in ghettos as a means to isolate them from society. During Hitler's reign, the ghettos were used as a transition point between their homes and concentration camps.
The sea route west to Cathay. It is not known when the idea originated of sailing westward in order to reach Cathay.