D. <span>It was a sudden series of attacks by North Vietnam on bases and towns.</span>
Question: How did rule by a few or a small group work in the city states of Italy?
Answer: <u>All city-states had collective governments, usually a narrow or broad oligarchy.</u>
Explanation: City-states were self-governing states led and ruled by a city. They had control of the land outside their walls. All of the city-states had collective governments, usually a narrow or broad oligarchy except the Swiss city-states because their economies were based on manufacturing and trade. Geographical mountains and remoteness protected the Swiss city-states from outside rule. City-states rose in the Middle Ages in areas of Europe lacking strong territorial monarchies. North Italian towns obtained their independence from the Holy Roman Empire in the late twelfth century and in Germany, by the end of the Middle Ages, many towns had achieved the name of imperial free cities. Though they had obtained their freedom, they were expected to follow the Holy Roman Empire in foreign policy and when necessary, they would have to provide financial support.