Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Answer
<em>According to ThoughtCo,</em>
<em>The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while keeping other substances out.</em>
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<em>Hope this helps! <3</em>
Answer: I believe it is C: delivers nutrients to cells, removes cellular waste, and fights infection.
Forgive me if im wrong but its what I choose on the exam
The human activity that creates the least threat to global stability is : Reuse of Plastic bags.
Plastic bag need a lot of time to be degraded in the soil which will create a threat to the environment. Reusing plastic bag will reduce this threat.
hope this helps