The correct answer is A.
Stephen A. Douglas (1813-1861) was an American politician and member of the House of Representatives. He became candidate for presidency in the election of 1860, compiting against Lincoln. He was known as the <em>'Little Giant'</em> due to his short height but his dominant position in politics.
He believed in the principle of popular sovereignty, that the majority of citizens should decide on contendous matters such as the slavery issue. Otherwise, if the federal government enforces anti slave regulations, the detractor states and their people would issue <em>unfriendly</em> laws locally to ensure that discrimination continues. This is known as the Freeport Doctrine.
He also had mentioned explicitly his viewpoint about the Declaration of Independence, as a document not written for non-whites.
The Stock market crash of 1929 was indeed the cause of the Depression, as the market crash put Wall Street in panic. Millions of the Stock investors lose it all. The lack of confidence in the situation ceased consumer spending; this resulted in massive layoffs of workers.
The Mandate of Heaven is a Chinese political and religious doctrine to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China. According to this belief, <em>Heaven</em> bestows a mandate on the ruler of China. However, if he was overthrown, or if natural disasters occurred, this was considered an indication that the ruler had lost the mandate. Therefore, civilian rebellions were accepted as part of the cycle. The cycle had the following pattern:
- A New Dynasty Rises
- A New Dynasty Rules
- Mandate of Heaven Lost by the Dynasty
- The Dynasty Grows Weak
- Period of Violence Follows
According to Chinese citizens, a new dynasty would rise and become powerful. This would lead them to rule as long as they received the mandate of heaven. However, if heaven was displeased with the ruler, the dynasty would lose its mandate. As a consequence, China would experience natural disasters, rebellions and the weakening of the dynasty. A period of violence and rebellion on the part of the citizens would follow, until a different dynasty arose from the chaos and became the ruling dynasty and the cycle continued.
