Answer:
Option D.The author's attitude toward a subject.
Explanation:

All are methods of appeals
Logos: Logical appeal
Pathos: Emotional appeal
Ethos: Credibility appeal
If George W Bush were to address the people of the United States after the attack on the world trade centers, he could establish an emotional, pathos approach by giving condolences to the lives lost. Since he is the president, he acts as the spearhead to the government, acting in a professional ethos manner. Lastly he might enact a more defensive approach to military spending because the government needs to safeguard against an increase in attacks on the U.S.
It's B. The verb 'tell' is ditransitive, i.e. , it can take both direct/indirect objects.
What would happen to writing if paragraphs didn't exist is that when the reader reads the writing, he/she might skip a sentence or even get confused. And then you might not understand it yourself. It can affect the reader by not understanding what is going on in the writing if it's a story.