Bacteria have different phage resistance mechanisms, such as spontaneous mutations, the CRISPR-Cas system.
Spontaneous mutations are the main mechanisms leading to phage resistance by altering the structure of bacterial wall components that act as phage receptors. These include lipopolysaccharides (LPS), outer membrane proteins, cell wall teichoic acids, capsules, and other bacterial components.
Answer:
Active transport: movement against a gradient To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, a cell must use energy. Active transport mechanisms do just this, expending energy (often in the form of ATP) to maintain the proper concentrations of ions and molecules in living cells.
Answer:
A diploblast has no mesoderm.
A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity.
Explanation:
Diploblast organisms are the ones that have only two primary germ layers. These organisms have outer ectoderm and inner endoderm but no mesoderm. Example: Cnidarians
A true coelom is derived from mesoderm and is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm. The outer and inner linings of the coelom are made of muscle layers that are developed from the mesoderm.
A pseudocoelom is the one that is incompletely lined with mesoderm. Both pseudocoelom and a true coelom serve as shock absorber and provide space wherein the internal organs can be placed. The fluid present in them sere as medium for transport of nutrients, gases, etc.
Answer:
I think the answer is "Steno's principles".
Explanation:
Every one color match up to light of a certain wavelength produced by the atom when an electron marks a changeover among permissible orbitals. Each color signifies a jump of the electron with resultant emission of photons of certain energy conforming to the vertical colored stripes. The scientist can assess these energies by means of einstein equation for the energy of a photon which is E = h. v where v is the frequency of the emitted photon that can be assessed by means of the wavelength and h is a constant. Then it can recreate the jumps and accordingly figure out the orbitals and perhaps the map of the structure of the atom.
