I'm gonna go with C) The idea that all people are entitled to political equality. but please let me know if I'm wrong.
Charles Babbage was the inventor
The Loyalists were the people who remained loyal to the British Crown rather than were in favour of independence.
The Loyalist were on the average older and partially also richer: they were better established and therefore a change would be a risk for them. This was their reason: they were afraid of change and of loosing their position.
there was an intense rivalry among trading companies of different european companies because every european company wanted to buy products from india at a cheap rate and sell them in their country at a higher price .