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3 years ago

Explain the “Chemiosmotic Model of ATP Production”.

Biology

1 answer:

aev [14]3 years ago

8 0

Answer:

The electron transport chain (ETC) is located in the mitochodrial cristae. As electrons move from one protein complex to the other via redox reaction, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. As hydrogen ions flow down the concentration gradient from the intermembrane space to the mitochodrial matrix, ATP is synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase.

The ATP synthase complex can be compared to the gates of a dam. when the gates of a hydroelectric dam are opened, water rushes through, and electricity (energy) is produced. Similarly, when H+ ions flow down a gradient from intermembrane space into the matrix, the enzyme ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate or Pi. This process is called chemiosmosis because ATP production is linked with the establishment of a proton (H+) gradient across the membranes.

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Consider a cell in which Cl- distributes passively across the membrane according to the membrane potential. The resting membrane

UNO [17]

Answer:

1000 mM

Explanation:

Using V = -60 mV㏒₁₀[K/K'] where V = membrane potential = -60 mV, K = intracellular concentration = unknown and K' = extracellular concentration = 100 mM

So, V = -60 mV㏒₁₀[K/K']

-60 mV = -60 mV㏒₁₀[K/K']

dividing both sides by -60mV, we have

-60 mV/-60 mV = ㏒₁₀[K/K']

㏒₁₀[K/K'] = 1

taking antilogarithm of both sides, we have

[K/K'] = 10¹

multiplying both sides by K', we have

K = 10K'

K = 10 × 100 mM

K = 1000 mM

So, the intracellular Cl- concentration is 1000 mM

4 0

3 years ago

Record the stages of meiosis in eukaryotic cells realizing that there are two cell divisions involved, each having their particu

Leya [2.2K]

1.1
Meiosis I
The first meiotic division: diploid → haploid
    Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes join and occurs crossing over.
    Metaphase-I: the homologous chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from the centrosomes connect to the chromosomes.
    Anaphase -I: Spindle fibers contract and split the homologous chromosomes, moving them to opposite poles of the cell.
    Telophase -I: Chromosomes decondense; cell divides to form two haploid cells.

1.2 Meiosis II
The second division: separates sister chromatids (these chromatids may not be identical due to crossing over in prophase I)

     Prophase II: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles (perpendicular to before)
    Metaphase-II: the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from the centrosomes connect to the chromosomes (at the centromere)
    Anaphase-II: Spindle fibers contract and split the sister chromatids, and moves them to opposite poles of the cell.
    Telophase-II: Chromosomes decondense,cells divides again to form another 2 haploid daughter cells. Final: 4 new cells.

2. The differences:
Mitosis:
- has 1 division per cycle
- one cell produces 2 new cells
- the genetic information in the mother-cell and the daughter-cells are the same. ( the number of chromosomes is also the same)
- it occurs in somatic cells
Meiosis:
- two divisions per cycle
- one cell when divides produces 4 new cells
- the new cells have different genetic information. mixes the genetic material from the parent cells
- the number of chromosomes of the daughter cells is half of the mother's.

3. Prokaryotic organisms don't divide through mitosis, they use a different process called binary fission. Only eukaryotic organisms, or those whose cells have a defined nuclei, undergo mitosis. Bacteria, for example, are prokaryotic organisms that use binary fission.

4.
It can't occur. Cross over is the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes. That will result in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It can't occur on different chromosomes because they don't code for the same genes.

5. There are a lot of different theories about that, but it's mostly believed that meiosis must evolve before sexual reproduction. That's because The cell replicates their information first and then divides. Plus the cell does that even though it didn't recombine DNA with another organism (sexual reproduction).

3 0

3 years ago

Deoxyribose Glucose Guanine Phosphate Ribose

Sergeu [11.5K]

There is no attached table, so it could not be told precisely which of the four molecules is the DNA. But, it is known that DNA consists of deoxyribose, guanine, and phosphate.
The base unit of DNA is called a nucleotide. The nucleotide consists of a nucleobase (adenine - A, thymine - T, cytosine - C, and guanine -G), a monosaccharide deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. By knowing this, it is easy to choose which molecule of those is the DNA.

3 0

3 years ago

What is the allele number for the following sequence? (3pts)

uysha [10]

Answer:

what I don't understand what is the Ctcagt

8 0

3 years ago

PLEASE HELP!!!

OverLord2011 [107]

Answer:

B. The response counteracts the original stimulus.

Maybe I dont know

8 0

3 years ago