Conjugation - this is when bacteria exchange genes among each other. Sexual reproduction is when genes from the male and female are fused to create a new diverse zygote. Bacteria can do a similar process by conjugation.<span />
Answer:
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T),
Explanation:
The continental shelf is a gently sloping feature found at the edge of a continental landmass going seaward from the coast. Rivers that empty into the sea can produce currents that are strong enough to erode the material that builds the shelf. When this occurs channels or submarine canyons are formed. These canyons are deep and dark as no light can penetrate these regions. The canyons often lead out to sea towards the edge of the shelf.
Answer:
(a) When the enzyme phosphorylase is allowed to treat with the ATP and phosphorylase kinase, this helps in the activation of the more active form of the phosphorylase. This increase the process of the glycogen breakdown in the cell.
(b) PP1 ( protein phosphatase 1) removes the phosphate group from the substrate that results in the activation of the less active form of the enzyme. The process of glycogen breakdown in the cell will decrease.
(c) The hormone epinephrine causes the release of cAMP that increases the kinase activity. The active form of the enzyme predominates and increases the glycogen breakdown in the body.
Answer:
The correct answer is: deposition of interferon on bacterial cells.
Explanation:
Phagocytosis is the mechanism by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to ingest a big particle, forming a phagosome within the cell. It's a form of endocytosis used by the <u>immune system to eliminate pathogens such as </u><u>bacteria </u><u>and cell debris</u>.
Phagocytosis can be enhanced through various ways when an infection is taking place in the body. For example, cytokines and TNF are secreted by different kinds of cells to stimulate this process - for these cytokines to be released, certain parts of the bacteria called PAMPs need to be recognized by specific receptors located in phagocytes and epithelial cells called TLRs. Another way to stimulate this mechanism is by depositing complement fragments on bacterial cells, which is done thanks to the Complement cascade, a system of great importance in the innate immune response against extracellular bacteria - these fragments will opsonize ("mark") the pathogens for the phagocytes to recognize them and engulf them.
Interferon, on the other hand, while hugely important on the immune response against viruses and other pathogens that infect our cells by entering them and using their organelles to replicate and translate proteins, is not an enhancer of phagocytosis, as it is mostly involved in the translation of genes that will lead to the infected cell's death.
