Answer:
The microorganism–microorganism or microorganism–host interactions are the key strategy to colonize and establish in a variety of different environments. These interactions involve all ecological aspects, including physiochemical changes, metabolite exchange, metabolite conversion, signaling, chemotaxis and genetic exchange resulting in genotype selection. In addition, the establishment in the environment depends on the species diversity, since high functional redundancy in the microbial community increases the competitive ability of the community, decreasing the possibility of an invader to establish in this environment. Therefore, these associations are the result of a co-evolution process that leads to the adaptation and specialization, allowing the occupation of different niches, by reducing biotic and abiotic stress or exchanging growth factors and signaling. Microbial interactions occur by the transference of molecular and genetic information, and many mechanisms can be involved in this exchange, such as secondary metabolites, siderophores, quorum sensing system, biofilm formation, and cellular transduction signaling, among others. The ultimate unit of interaction is the gene expression of each organism in response to an environmental (biotic or abiotic) stimulus, which is responsible for the production of molecules involved in these interactions. Therefore, in the present review, we focused on some molecular mechanisms involved in the microbial interaction, not only in microbial–host interaction, which has been exploited by other reviews, but also in the molecular strategy used by different microorganisms in the environment that can modulate the establishment and structuration of the microbial community.
Explanation:
Thymine always pairs with adenine.
Answer:Atmosphere
Explanation:
Moon is smaller in size than earth and hence, has very low force of gravity. Moon does not have atmosphere as its weaker force of gravity can not hold the atmosphere. Any present atmosphere on moon would have stripped away by strong solar wind. The weaker magnetic field of moon is one more reason for absence of atmosphere.
Active transport;
The movement of particles would be most affected by a disorder that causes damage to carrier proteins is the active transport.
Explanation;
Active transport involves the movement of materials against the concentration gradient.
This type of transport requires energy in form of ATP to aid the movement of particles from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
Active transport requires carrier proteins such as the sodium-Potassium pump, to move materials in and out of the cell.
The polar head of a phospholipid is made of phosphate. The polar head has a negative charge that is made up of phosphate molecules. This polar region attracts water and is positioned outward to interact with the water.
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