Through the federalist papers, a series of essays written by politicians.
The bombing of Pearl Harbor was the final reason that gave the US justification in joining the war in Europe.
What makes Mikhail Gorbachev and the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping similar is that, both of them have incorporated capitalist ideas into communist societies. The answer for this would be option 4. Mikhail Gorbachev is known as a former statesman of Soviet and Deng Xiaoping is also a former statesman of China.
It was stronger than stone or iron