Observational data is the information that is gathered from the observation employed by the senses. In scientific mediums, observation can also employ scientific instruments, such as a telescope, for example. This kind of data can yield varied and extensive results which, as a rule of thumb, are always better analyzed and understood when put into graphs, charts, tables, or other organizational data techniques.
The setting of Shirley Jackson's short story "The Lottery" takes place in a small, nondescript town located in rural America on the morning of June 27th.