I would say that the answer to this question is most likely B or D.
A proton gradient is an important part of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration because couple the favorable flow of H+ to transport specific metabolites into and out of organelles.
<h3>What is the proton gradient?</h3>
The gradient is sometimes called the proton-motive and can be thought of as a form of energy, force and force in a battery. Like other ions, protons are not able to cross directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane, as the interior of the membrane is hydrophobic.
The proton gradient generated by this manipulation provided a driving force for ATP synthesis in the absence of light. This confirms the chemiosmotic theory, where a chemical potential across the membrane can provide energy for ATP synthesis.
The proton gradient produced by pumping protons during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP.
See more about proton gradient at brainly.com/question/910600
#SPJ1
Answer:
option B is correct
Explanation:
the effect of external physical factor on cell division is clearly seen on in density dependent inhibition( a phenomenon in which crowded cell stop dividing)
The attraction that holds two covalently bonded atoms together is called covalent bond
<h3>
Answer: Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic (Option 2)</h3>
Explanation:
The tails of the cell membrane are __hydrophobic__ while the phosphate heads are __hydrophilic__.
I hope the following image helps to further explain the answer.
