The overall goal of labor unions during the late 1800s and early 1900s was to protect workers from heavy abuses by their employers--abuses such as working incredibly long hours and working in very dangerous factory conditions.
Internal improvements" was a nineteenth-century term referring to investment in transportationprojects such as roads, railroads, canals, harbors, and river navigation projects. These public works are an accepted responsibility of the modern state government, but in earlier times the concept of public funding for such projects was new and controversial. North Carolina was so isolated and poor in the early nineteenth century that it was derisively nicknamed the "Rip Van Winkle State." At alarming rates, emigrants fled its stagnant economy, worn-out farmland, poverty, and lack of opportunity. Among the state's greatest handicaps was inadequate transportation. Only a few rivers in the east were navigable, and even these were shallow and difficult to travel. The coast offered few good harbors, and roads, where they existed, were terrible. Under such conditions transportation was slow, inefficient, and so expensive that farmers could not afford to ship their produce more than a few miles.
Some state leaders, such as Governors Alexander Martin in 1791 and Nathaniel Alexander in 1806, asked the General Assembly for money to finance internal improvements. But many legislators and voters strongly opposed raising taxes or increasing government's involvement in internal improvements; for years, the state's role was limited to granting charters to private companies to operate toll bridges, canals, and navigation projects
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First, a judge may write a dissent to persuade the majority, and the dissenting opinion may ultimately become the majority opinion. Second, a dissent can improve the majority opinion by pointing out the majority's mistakes either in its description of the facts, the law, or in its reasoning.
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Rehabilitation and reintegration
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It's built around skill development, rehabilitation, addressing treatment needs, and re-introducing the youth back into the community so that when they start living in the community again, they have a clear purpose and they know what they want to be and are willing to put in the work to get there.
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By the late 1800s, huge ranches had developed in Texas. One factor that led to their growth was changes in the railroads. In the 1860s, most rail lines ended north of Texas, so cattle had to be driven to them. In the 1880s, rail lines were extended into the state.
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