Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Mali's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the Sonni dynasty, Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of Timbuktu, ushering in a golden age in the city for scientific and Muslim scholarship.[5] The eminent scholar Ahmed Baba, for example, produced books on Islamic law which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati publishedTarikh al-fattash and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published Tarikh al-Sudan (Chronicle of Africa), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the Middle Ages.
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Touissaint L'Ouverture is most closely associated with leading the revolution in Haiti against the French, and helping Haiti win their independence.
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Trade across the Sahara became possible and it impacted West African empires by influencing them on a cultural level. The peak of Saharan trade <span>extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century.</span>
