Sumerian belief that humans are created to serve and obey the gods. They developed a hierarchy of importance based on the persons' close relationship with god.
From most important to least important, the list of groups are Kings, Priests and Priestesses, Commoners, and Slaves.
They believe that kings of every city have divine authority, therefore, those who are not kings are tasked to serve and obey the kings.
The second most important group of people in the society are priests and priestesses. The Sumerians believe that gods speak through the priests and priestesses; thus, political powers were granted to them. The priests and priestesses also enjoy living in lavish homes as part of being of noble class.
Commoners labored for the estates, which were attached to the temples.
Slaves worked for Temple officials.
"The other half" was a book written by Jacob Riis, a denmark photographer, who worked as a police reporter. He started with photographs as a pastime.
In the book, he highlights the living conditions in the slums of New York City. He used those images and described them.
The title of the book refers to that "half of the world does not know how the other half lives". In Riis book, he explained that workers were paid only some cents a day, children worked a lot, the system of tenement housing.
"The other half" are those who belong to upper classes, who don't experience such living conditions.
The way scarce resources get distributed within an economy determines the type of economic system. There are four different types of Economic Systems; a traditional economy, a market economy, command economy, and a mixed economy. Each type of economy has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Traditional Economic System
The traditional economic system is the most traditional and ancient types of economies in the world. Vast portions of the world still function under a traditional economic system. These areas tend to be rural, second- or third-world, and closely tied to the land, usually through farming.
In general, in a traditional economic system, a surplus would be rare. Each member of a traditional economy has a more specific and pronounced role, and these societies tend to be very close-knit and socially satisfied. However, they do lack access to technology and advanced medicine.
Command Economic System
In a command economic system, a large part of the economic system is controlled by a centralized power. For example, in the USSR most decisions were made by the central government. This type of economy was the core of the communist philosophy.
Since the government is such a central feature of the economy, it is often involved in everything from planning to redistributing resources. A command economy is capable of creating a healthy supply of its resources, and it rewards its people with affordable prices. This capability also means that the government usually owns all the critical industries like utilities, aviation, and railroad.
In a command economy, it is theoretically possible for the government to create enough jobs and provide goods and services at an affordable rate. However, in reality, most command economies tend to focus on the most valuable resources like oil.
Advantages of Command Economic Systems
If executed correctly, the government can mobilize resources on a massive scale. This mobility can provide jobs for almost all of the citizens.
The government can focus on the good of society rather than an individual. This focus could lead to more efficient use of resources.
Disadvantages of Command Economic Systems
It is hard for central planners to provide for everyone’s needs. This challenge forces the government to ration because it cannot calculate demand since it sets prices.
There is a lack of innovation since there is no need to take any risk. Workers are also forced to pursue jobs the government deems fit.
Market Economic System
In a free-market economy, firms and households act in self-interest to determine how resources get allocated, what goods get produced and who buys the goods. This is opposite to how a command economy works, where the central government gets to keep the profits.
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