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lozanna [386]
3 years ago
11

Caffeine prolongs and intensifies the effects of epinephrine. Which of the following potential mechanisms of action of caffeine

is consistent with this effect?
a. inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP.
b. a competitive antagonist of cAMP binding to PKA.
c. stimulates phospholipase Cb.
d. inhibits sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2 + - ATPase.
e. activates PKC.
Biology
1 answer:
kherson [118]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

a. inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP.

Explanation:

The phosphodiesterases are a group of enzymes that are capable of breaking phosphodiester bonds such as those between nucleotides in nucleic acids. The Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger involved in intracellular signaling pathways. This molecule (cAMP) is hydrolyzed by the cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase, which catalyzes the enzymatic breakdown of phosphodiester bonds (i.e., hydrolyzing cAMP to 5-AMP). The cAMP levels are modulated by the balance between its generation and the degradation via cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Vascular plants have tubelike structures that carry water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant. Nonvascular plants do not have these tubelike structures and use other ways to move water and substances.

Vascular plants are said to have a true stem, leaves, and roots due to the presence of vascular tissues. Non-vascular plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves and the tissues present are the least specialized forms of tissue. Some examples of vascular plants include maize, mustard, rose, cycad, ferns, clubmosses, grasses. Some examples of non-vascular plants include moss, algae, liverwort, and hornwort.

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The xylem of vascular plants consists of dead cells placed end to end that form tunnels through which water and minerals move upward from the roots to the rest of the plant. Through the xylem vessels, water enters and leaves cells through osmosis.

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Because non vascular plants do not have the xylem and phloem ystem, they absorb water right into their cells through their leaves when it rains or when dew falls. Internal cells get their water by passive osmosis. While, they use rhizoids to transport nutrients and minerals.

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