<span>Centralized federalism.
Centralized federalism is based on the concept that one central (federal) government develops all policies, and the states/counties/principalities job is to implement and interpret that policy. In this case, states rights do not allow them to decline the federal policies.</span>
800 BCE, Carthage became one terminus for West African gold, ivory, and slaves. West Africa received salt, cloth, beads, and metal goods. Shillington proceeds to identify this trade route as the source for West African iron smelting.
<span>I believe, when it comes to centuries of invasion from numerous outsiders who then contributed to a cultural diffusion in the Middle East, it has led to those indigenous people being scared to do anything that might upset any foreign invaders.</span>
The reason why settlers expand westward despite the challenges of the physical environment was: they were hoping for a better life.
Despite challenges of the physical environment, the settlers were promised that they would be given a really chip set of land that they can use to open new businesses. People from various corners of the world heard this news and decided to try out their luck in hope for better life.
