If a researcher is assigning participants based on their occupations to categories, the measurement level that he is making use of is the nominal level.
Naming and labeling of attributes is a characteristic of the nominal level of measurement.
At this scale of measurement, there is usually no numerical variables. What it does is to just help with labeling as well as identification of things.
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The electoral vote is the one that counts: else, why would we have it? So in this case, the person who won the electoral vote becomes the president.
This rule was introduced because the founding fathers believed that the popular vote can be too easily manipulated...