Every country had different types of coins with different values and they were not easily comparable in value with the money from the other countries. This could have been fixed with collaboration between neighboring countries from certain areas to create same types of coins that have the same value so that they can use them easily for the trade that was occurring between the different economies.
Every craftsmen that had the skills and tools and suitable material was able to create copies of the money. This could have been fixed with strict regulations on every craftsmen by the authorities. Also putting a unique mark on the different types of coins by the official producers that was not easy to be copied.
Answer:
increase the effective interest rate of borrowing
Explanation:
Cost of debt refers to the total cost a company incurs for raising debt which includes fixed coupon rate payments to bondholders.
Cost of debt is calculated using the following formula:
wherein 
= Cost of debt
I = annual rate of coupon payment
t= tax rate
NP = Net proceeds which is par value less issue expenses
when NP is taken as the base, while calculating cost of debt, it is termed as effective interest rate.
So, bond issue costs reduce the net proceeds and thus, increase the effective interest rate of borrowing for the issuer company.
Question Completion:
Domestic Market for Steel, Alpha
Qs P Qd
60 5 10
40 4 20
30 3 30
20 2 40
10 1 50
Domestic Market for Steel, Beta
Qs P Qd
80 5 20
70 4 30
60 3 40
50 2 50
40 1 60
Answer:
Assuming that Alpha and Beta are the only two nations in the world, at the equilibrium world price:
Beta will export steel and Alpha will import steel.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Domestic and World Market for Steel
Alpha Beta World Market
Qs P Qd Qs P Qd Qs P Qd
60 5 10 80 5 20 140 5 30
40 4 20 70 4 30 110 4 50
30 3 30 60 3 40 90 3 70
25 2.50 35 55 2.50 45 80 2.50 80
20 2 40 50 2 50 70 2 90
10 1 50 40 1 60 50 1 110
b) In the world market, equilibrium will occur at a price of $2.50, when the quantity supplied and demanded will be 80. At this equilibrium price of $2.50, Alpha will supply 25 units, and Beta will supply 55 units. Alpha will demand 35 units, and Beta will demand 45 units. This implies that Beta will supply more than its demand for steel, while Alpha will supply less. Therefore, Beta will export steel and Alpha will import steel.
Institutional markets are the category under which hospitals, colleges, museums, and universities come.
Institutional organizations buy goods and services for the production of their own goods and services. They are non-profit organizations that are established only to offer services to the public. These markets are categorized as low budgets and captive patrons.
The main player of the institutional department is the government. Most hospitals, colleges, universities, and museums fall under the control of the government. For the other hospitals, colleges, universities, and museums that are under the private players, a seperate account will be maintained by them for maintaining the record of transactions.
The other option like business customers which deals with the normal buying and selling transactions. The reseller market consists of the wholesaler market that sells goods to the retailer for reselling the goods. The government market is where government transactions are carried on. The producer market produces the goods or manufacturers the goods and sells them to the market. So the institutions that are provided all come into the institutional markets.
Learn what is institutional markets here:
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- Travel and Entertainment Credit - Consumers use cards with no interest and non-revolving balance.
- Revolving Check Credit - Consumers use prearranged loan using special checks.
- Closed-End Credit - Consumers pay off dept and credit is automatically renewed.
- Revolving Credit - Consumers take out a loan with a repayment date and have a specific purpose.
<h3>What is meant by Consumer Credit?</h3>
Consumer credit refers to debt incurred by an individual to pay for products and services. An example of consumer credit is a credit card.
Consumer credit might refer to any sort of personal loan, although it is more frequently used to denote unsecured debt that is incurred to pay for regular products and services. Consumer debt can, however, also refer to secured loans like mortgages and auto loans.
Installment credit is given for a predetermined time period and is utilized for a specified purpose.
Open-ended revolving credit is a type of loan that can be applied to any kind of transaction.
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