Answer:
Write a note on time in history. Class 8th . The literary sources of modern period are British document,books, newspaper, letters, writing and speeches of freedom fighters,internet and database, digital library,old monuments,artefacts and the people who have struggled for freedom.
Explanation:
<span>Most people at that time thought the world was flat. When you
sailed out to sea and they could no longer see your ship they assumed
you fell off the edge of the world. Columbus figured out (not by
himself, other educated people also knew this) that the world was round.
He figured it was a lot smaller though. He thought he could sail out
into the ocean and come out in India, there by taking a short cut and
putting one over on Spain. What Columbus didn't realize was the world
was alot bigger than he thought and there was a whole Continent out
there nobody knew about. Sooooo when he landed in S. America he thought
he was in India.</span>
<h3>One of the most pressing challenges African states faced at Independence was their lack of infrastructure. European imperialists prided themselves on bringing civilization and developing Africa, but they left their former colonies with little in the way of infrastructure. The empires had built roads and railroads - or rather, they had forced their colonial subjects to build them - but these were not intended to build national infrastructures. Imperial roads and railways were almost always intended to facilitate the export of raw materials. Many, like the Ugandan Railroad, ran straight to the coastline.
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</h3><h3>These new countries also lacked the manufacturing infrastructure to add value to their raw materials. Rich as many African countries were in cash crops and minerals, they could not process these goods themselves. Their economies were dependent on trade, and this made them vulnerable. They were also locked into cycles of dependencies on their former European masters. They had gained political, not economic dependencies, and as Kwame Nkrumah - the first prime minister and president of Ghana - knew, political independence without economic independence was meaningless. </h3><h3>
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</h3><h2>Energy Dependence</h2><h3>The lack of infrastructure also meant that African countries were dependent on Western economies for much of their energy. Even oil-rich countries did not have the refineries needed to turn their crude oil into gasoline or heating oil. Some leaders, like Kwame Nkrumah, tried to rectify this by taking on massive building projects, like the Volta River hydroelectric dam project. The dam did provide much-needed electricity, but its construction put Ghana heavily into debt. The construction also required the relocation of tens of thousands of Ghanaians and contributed to Nkrumah's plummeting support in Ghana. In 1966, Nkrumah was overthrown. </h3><h3>
</h3><h2>Inexperienced Leadership</h2><h3>At Independence, there were several presidents, like Jomo Kenyatta, had several decades of political experience, but others, like Tanzania's Julius Nyerere, had entered the political fray just years before independence. There was also a distinct lack of trained and experienced civil leadership. The lower echelons of the colonial government had long been staffed by African subjects, but the higher ranks had been reserved for white officials. The transition to national officers at independence meant there were individuals at all levels of the bureaucracy with little prior training. In some cases, this led to innovation, but the many challenges that African states faced at independence were often compounded by the lack of experienced leadership.
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</h3><h2>Lack of National Identity</h2><h3>The borders Africa's new countries were left with were the ones drawn in Europe during the Scramble for Africa with no regard to the ethnic or social landscape on the ground. The subjects of these colonies often had many identities that trumped their sense of being, for instance, Ghanaian or Congolese. Colonial policies that privileged one group over another or allocated land and political rights by "tribe" exacerbated these divisions. The most famous case of this was the Belgian policies that crystallized the divisions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda that led to the tragic genocide in 1994.
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</h3><h3>Immediately after decolonization, the new African states agreed to a policy of inviolable borders, meaning they would not try to redraw Africa's political map as that would lead to chaos. The leaders of these countries were, thus, left with the challenge of trying to forge a sense of national identity at a time when those seeking a stake in the new country were often playing to individuals' regional or ethnic loyalties. </h3><h3>
</h3><h2>Cold War</h2><h3>Finally, decolonization coincided with the Cold War, which presented another challenge for African states. The push and pull between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) made non-alignment a difficult, if not impossible, option, and those leaders who tried to carve third way generally found they had to take sides. </h3><h3>
</h3><h3>Cold War politics also presented an opportunity for factions that sought to challenge the new governments. In Angola, the international support that the government and rebel factions received in the Cold War led to a civil war that lasted nearly thirty years.
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</h3><h3>These combined challenges made it difficult to establish strong economies or political stability in Africa and contributed to the upheaval that many (but not all!) states faced between the late '60s and late '90s. </h3>
Answer:
well about 41 million
Explanation:
Some Democratic presidential candidates leaned on their Spanish language skills during the first Democratic primary debate on Wednesday.
The debate, which aired on NBC and MSNBC, was also broadcast on Telemundo platforms, making it the first Spanish-language channel to host a Democratic presidential debate. About 41 million U.S. residents speak Spanish at home, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
O’Rourke, who represented a border district and speaks fluent Spanish, kicked things off early in the debate, breaking out in Spanish in answer to the first question addressed to him about the top individual tax rates.
