It would be analogy I believe
He is saying to not judge a person before knowing them properly. To understand the perpectives of people that face things like discrimination and not to have bad opinions on them.
After the first use of 'astronaut'
It is a way to find out the purpose that is going to be achieved in a short story and to list details about it.
I hope that helps. If it does please mark me brainiest, if it doesn't please don't