Explanation:
A feedback loop involves:
- a receptor
- control center
- an effector
The endocrine system involves chemical signalling via the secretion of molecules called hormones into extracellular fluid. They bind to chemical receptors in order to cause specific changes in target cells, these lead to changes in the body's internal environment called homeostasis. It includes the thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal and adrenal glands along with other regions. The bone, adipose tissue, heart, pancreas and liver are a few of the regions of the body which show endocrine function. The brain, or control center functions to receive and process the information from the receptor. Effectors receive the control center's command and illicits a response in the form of a feedback loop, that may oppose or enhance the stimulus.
Further Explanation:
During homeostasis the body maintains a constant internal balance in pH, temperature, blood pressure etc. Cells in a multicellular organism become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another in order to maintain homeostasis. Within the human body these are known as hormone cascades, where several complex steps occur- the tissues signal to one another with the use of hormones released by the endocrine system. For instance, the regulation (increase and decrease) of these secretions is achieved by negative feedback loops, where the release of certain substances during a cascade in turn halts the secretion of hormones at earlier stages.
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While mitosis produces 2 daughter cells from each parent cell, meiosis results in 4 sex cells, or gametes in males and 1 in females. Unlike the cells created by mitosis, gametes are not identical to the parent cells. In males, meiosis is referred to as spermatogenesis because sperm cells are produced.
Answer:
Proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely attached molecules that can move around
Explanation:
Cell membranes are mainly composed of lipids, proteins, and also carbohydrates. Phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipid and the main constituent of the cell membranes. Membrane proteins are divided into two types according to their interactions with the cell membrane: 1-integral (intrinsic) and peripheral (extrinsic) proteins. These peripheral proteins are loosely attached by ionic bonds or calcium bridges with the phosphate heads of the phospholipids; whereas integral membrane proteins contain side chains that interact with fatty acyl groups of the phospholipids. Cell membrane fluidity indicates how easily lipids (e.g., phospholipids and cholesterol) and proteins (e.g., intrinsic proteins) diffuse laterally in the cell membrane. This fluidity is affected by the amount of cholesterol, temperature, and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond (these double bonds increase fluidity). Moreover, higher temperatures increase membrane fluidity, whereas cholesterol molecules function to regulate membrane fluidity: at high temperatures cholesterol molecules stabilize the membrane, whereas at low temperatures intercalate between phospholipids, thereby preventing them from clustering together.
