Quebecois French is b) diverged from Parisian French. However, this is only historically speaking and only pertains to the 17th century "koine" of Paris. Nowadays, the distinction between French from France and French from Quebec is huge and the accent stands out very strong compared to other dialects of French. However, the Quebecois are very proud of their language and do not want to standardize, as they feel it would be a removal of their culture.
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its is determined by congress
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When rocks deform by plastic deformation they can bend and fold. The process of folding occurs when rock is compressed, as it is along colliding plate boundaries. Upturned folds are called anticlines and down turned folds are called synclines.