Answer:
The correct answer is option C.
Explanation:
As the proteins are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, they amalgamate with the vesicles and then they are conducted towards the membrane's cell surface where they act as an integral membrane protein.
The outer end will bind with the ligand and the other one will get attached towards the cytoplasm. Thus, the pinsulin in the given case will combine with the C terminus of the protein.
Answer:
D) They can increase the reaction rate for a given reaction by a thousand-fold or more.
Explanation:
Enzymes are like catalysts with the only difference that they are bio-molecules. Biochemical/chemical reactions are slow because of 'transition state barriers' which require a lot of energy to overcome so enzymes rather than overcoming transition state barrier provide an alternate pathway for biochemical reactions which require comparatively less energy. Thus presence of an enzyme leads to an increase in reaction rate because alternate pathway which requires less energy makes the rate of chemical reaction rapid by a thousand-fold or more.
luconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms.[2] In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In ruminants, this tends to be a continuous process.[3] In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise. The process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, effectively making the process exergonic. For example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously. Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis. Gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug, metformin, which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells.[4] In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc.[5]
I'm not sure what you mean by this but here is a diagram of a nephron!! Hope this helps?
