Both the executive departments and the cabinet have their leaders and members must be approved by the Senate, cabinet members lead executive departments who protect the public welfare, and the cabinet members are responsible for making policies. The various departments are responsible for all public areas, and things such as defense, commerce, the treasury, transportation as well as monitoring and regulation businesses amongst many other things.
The debate during the Gilded Age was between "free-traders" and "protectionists". Generally, people in agriculture prefferred lower tariffs, because it enabled them to more easily export their agricultural products, which there was a surplus of in the US, and provided competition for industrial products, which would keep prices low.
For the opposite reason, people in more industrial areas of the country wanted higher tariffs, or a more protectionist policy, so that the manufacturing sector could continue to develop, and they wouldn't have to compete with foreign manufactured goods.
To achieve specific goals rather than the total defeat of the enemy
Europeans came to the new world to seek religious freedom<span />
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that facilities that were "separate but equal" were permissible under the US Constitution.
This allowed the Jim Crow laws to develop wherein African Americans went to different schools, ate at different restaurants or in different sections, and were generally segregated from the population
