Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes do not align and separate properly prior to the formation of daughter cells, during meiosis I or II. This means that some gametes are missing some chromosomes, and other gametes have extra chromosomes.
This is usually lethal, however, some genetic disorders in humans are caused by chromosome nondisjunction. For example, Down's syndrome is caused when the original gamete has an extra copy of chromosome 21, meaning the individual contains 3 copies of chromosome 21.
Paine describes those who would reconcile with Great Britain as cowards and suck-ups. He doesn't agree with their ideas and thinks they're doing it just because it's convenient.
