In general, this movement had a negative impact since lots of the expansion involved moving into territories that were controlled by European nations. Although most of the time physical conflict was avoided.
Settlers were constantly taking more land than either they agreed for, or just what didnt belong to them, the Indians would fight back and lose in the end, they would shrink back and find more land, there would be peace for a little while, and then settlers would keep wanting more land
2 i believe I am not 100% sure
since the Ottoman Empire controlled the Bosporus Strait and had a strong economy, they helped interconnect Afroeurasia. the place was also a center of Islam, which attracted people from different parts of the world to the city of Istanbul.
C) forcing debate on policy alternatives
