<u>Answer:</u> Option 1
<u>Explanation:</u>
If the convertible bonds are issued at discount then it will increase the numerator. Convertible bonds yields a fixed interest income. When the convertible bonds are issued at a discount then they can be converted into shares and discount is considered in the purchasing price of the stock.
In amortized bond the each payment goes towards the interest as well as the principle amount. Amortization reduces the credit risk as the principle is repaid on maturity or on default of the firm.
The total retained earnings on 31st December 2016 is $197,100. The journal entry are attached below.
<h3>What is Retained Earnings?</h3>
Retained earning is basically the profits of the company which is kept aside to meet the future requirement of the company. It the amount which is left over after deducting all cost such as direct cost, indirect cost, income taxes and dividend.
The retained earning is used in the future projects or for buying the equipment for the company.
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Answer:
d.) I and II
Explanation:
The first proposition can be regarded as proposition that gives a clam that capital structure of a company has no impact on the value. The value of a company is been known as present value of future cash flows when it's calculated, then it cannot be affected by capital structure. It should be noted that MM Proposition I with corporate taxes states that capital structure can affect firm value by an amount that is equal to the present value of the interest tax shield.