The best and most correct answer among the choices provided by the question is the seocnd choice "constatinople was captured by the Ottomans"
On May 29, 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople, Mehmed triumphantly entered the Hagia Sophia, which would become the city's leading mosque. Emperor Constantine XI died in battle that day, and the decline and fall<span> of the </span>Byzantine Empire<span> was complete.</span>
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The the Byzantine Empire tolerated Christianity this led to greater unification in the empire since many regions that had previously been persecuted were free to engage with society.
To start off your first one , it means when they first settled in England, the settlement wasn’t good enough along with the environment
Abraham is considered the be the father of all nations
The incident in which Hamlet gets off the ship to England plays an important role in changing the entire plot. As he was being "escorted" to England by Guildenstern and Rosencrantz, he switches the letter that the King had given with the one he writes. The original message that the King had wanted to pass on contained an order to kill Hamlet in England. However, Hamlet switches the letter with a new one which orders for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be executed.
After this, a pirate ship attacks the ship that Hamlet was on. We are not given much detail on such an occurrence but we find out that Hamlet got onto the pirate's ship as the pirates were attacking the ship that was supposed to take Hamlet to England.
Shakespeare does this in order to bring Hamlet back to Denmark and resume the plot. Although, the literary merit behind such a plot manipulation is widely debated as being either acceptable or flagrantly unacceptable.