d. linguistic, theological, and cultural differences.
Explanation:
In 1054 AD, the year of the schism of Christianity, many differences and contradictions had accumulated. The theology of the Eastern Church was based on Greek philosophy, while the Roman Church´s theology was based on Roman law. Here was a source of misunderstandings, particularly around a fundamental doctrine: the emanation of the Holy Spirit from the Father. The Orthodox Church also questioned the enforcement of celibacy by Rome, the exclusive right of bishops to administer confirmations and the presence of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Political rivalries and interests also played a role in this division that continues until today.
The main incentive to rule in favor of slaveholders when a runaway was taken into custody and brought before the federal commissioner was because such a ruling would technically be upholding a person's "right to property" which was thought to be protected. <span />
