<span>C) cities like Cleveland, St. Louis, and Chicago attracted many new settlers.
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The westward expansion was championed by president Polk guided by his manifest destiny. It is regarded as one of the quickest and successful expansion of a militant nature by any state, and led to the annexation of Florida and California and the opening up of cities in these areas.
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"Surrogate wars" also known as "proxy wars" are wars fought in a third country. The US and the Soviet Union were fighting each other in, for example, Afghanistan and Vietnam.
They preferred proxy wars, because they came without civilian victims of own population and without a distraction of the infrastructure of their own countries. In short, the two powers could compete militarily with each other without suffering the worst effects of the wars - this situation allowed them to try to defeat the other one without much risk to their own population.
Because they had no influence over the budget and military.
In Hamilton's words that would be "no influence ever either the sword or the purse". He argued that because of this the judiciary would be the least threatening branch of the government and that it had to rely on both other branches to uphold its rulings and decisions. In Federalist No. 78 he also states what powers and responsibilities the judicial branch would have.
On August 5, 1861, President Lincoln imposes the first federal income tax by signing the Revenue Act. Strapped for cash with which to pursue the Civil War, Lincoln and Congress agreed to impose a 3 percent tax on annual incomes over $800.
