Answer:
Venous return (VR) is the flow of blood back to the heart.
Venous return to the right atrium is the most important factor determining cardiac output, provided both ventricles and the pulmonary circulation are normal.
Explanation:
Venous return refers to the flow of blood from the periphery back to the right atrium, and except for periods of a few seconds, it is equal to cardiac output.
Venous return is facilitated by a number of factors, including inspiration, increased total blood volume, increased venomotor tone, the cardiac suction effect, the presence of venous valves and the skeletal muscle pump.
Contraction of the skeletal muscles surrounding veins increases the pressure within the veins, pushing open the proximal valve and forcing blood toward the heart. For example, when calf muscles contract during exercise, blood is forced toward the heart, thus increasing venous return.
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Biosphere is one of the layers surrounding the earths surface where life exists. It represents the ecological system intergrating living things and their interactions with the environment relating to the other layers (hydrosphere, atmospheres, geosphere and the lithosphere). Photoautotrophs are organisms that make their own food using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. They are responsible for the food supply in the biosphere.
Answer:
It has incomparable advantages over other gene editing tools.
Explanation:
For example, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has more target sites than ZFNs and TALENs, and Cas9 has many variants that can be used in a variety of studies. Moreover, the system is extremely easy to use and can be executed in almost any laboratory.
The most important advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 over other genome editing technologies is its simplicity and efficiency. Since it can be applied directly in embryo, CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the time required to modify target genes compared to gene targeting technologies based on the use of embryonic stem (ES) cells.
Disadvantages of CRISPR technology: CRISPR-Cas9 off-target; The effect of off-target can alter the function of a gene and may result in genomic instability, hindering it prospective and application in clinical procedure.
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Answer:
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
