According to the writings of Vitruvius, the Greek mathematician Archimedes created a primitive elevator in 236 B.C. that was operated by hoisting ropes wound around a drum and rotated by manpower applied to a capstan. In ancient Rome, a subterranean complex of rooms, animal pens and tunnels stood beneath the Colosseum. At various intervals, elevators powered by hundreds of men using winches and counterweights brought gladiators and large animals up through vertical shafts into the arena for battle.
In 1743, Louis XV had what was referred to as a “flying chair” built to allow one of his mistresses to access her quarters on the third floor of the Palace of Versailles. Similarly, a “flying table” in his retreat château de Choisy allowed the king and his private guests to dine without intrusion from the servants. At the sound of a bell, a table would rise from the kitchen below into the dining room with an elaborate meal, including all of the necessary accoutrements.
By the mid-19th century, elevators powered by steam or water were available for sale, but the ropes they relied upon could be worn out or destroyed and were not, therefore, generally trusted for passenger travel. However, in 1852, Elisha Graves Otis invented a safety break that revolutionized the vertical transport industry. In the event that an elevator’s hoisting rope broke, a spring would operate pawls on the car, forcing them into position with racks at the sides of the shaft and suspending the car in place. Installed in a five-story department store in New York City in 1857, Otis’ first commercial passenger elevator soon changed the world’s skyline, making skyscrapers a practical reality and turning the most valuable real estate on its head—from the first floor to the penthouse.
A primary source is a person (or a record produced by a person) who was actually there, as a witness or a participant of the event in question. A secondary source is someone who obtained information from a primary source and who then wrote or spoke about it.
There are 4 conditional waves of Russian immigration to the United States.
The first was connected with the Russian development of America in the 18th-19th centuries and was represented by small Russian researchers who founded settlements along the Pacific coast.
The second took place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and was represented by Jews from the Russian Empire.
The third - a small wave - was represented by political emigrants (mostly also Jews) from the USSR in the late 60s and early 70s.
And, finally, the most massive influx (the fourth wave) occurred during the fall of the Iron Curtain in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when numerous groups of Jews, Russians, Ukrainians and others arrived (mainly already at the turn of 20-21 centuries).
The correct answer is - C. 1975 - 1999.
The period between 1975 and 1999 was a period in which the world population grew for around 2 billion people. Even thought that is the same rise as in the period between 1930 and 1975, still this period is shorter, and is just 24 years the world population grew from approximately 4 billion people to approximately 6 billion people.
The cases mentioned are related to:
- The First Amendment (Engel v Vitale, and Tinker v. Des Moines)
- The Fourth Amendment (Mapp v. Ohio)
Mapp v. Ohio (1957): This case is related to the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution because Dollree Mapp was the victim of an illegal police search. They illegally forced the door of her house and entered without her consent.
Additionally, she was detained arbitrarily for having objects considered obscene. This case is related to the Fourth Amendment because this amendment establishes the protection of citizens against arbitrary searches and apprehensions.
On the other hand, Engel v. Vitale: This case is related to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution because it prohibits the creation of any norm that limits or prevents the free practice of freedom.
In this case, the New York State Board of Regents was violating this amendment because they approved a rule to implement prayer in public schools which affected students who did not have religious beliefs or those who did not practice Christianity.
Tinker v. Des Moines: This case is related to the First Amendment because Moines institution violates the First Amendment because some of its students were making use of their right to free expression wanted to show their rejection of the Vietnam War through a bracelet, and the school prohibited it. Based on the foregoing, it can be inferred that the institution violated the First Amendment by prohibiting free expression for students.
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